1. Ribo M, Alvarez-Sabin J, Montaner J, Romero F, Delgado P, Rubiera M, et al. Temporal profile of recanalization after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator: selecting patients for rescue reperfusion techniques. Stroke 2006;37:1000–4.
2. Heo JH, Lee KY, Kim SH, Kim DI. Immediate reocclusion following a successful thrombolysis in acute stroke: a pilot study. Neurology 2003;60:1684–7.
3. Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, van den Berg LA, Lingsma HF, Yoo AJ, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:11–20.
4. Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, Eesa M, Rempel JL, Thornton J, et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1019–30.
5. Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, Dewey HM, Churilov L, Yassi N, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1009–18.
6. Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, Diener HC, Levy EI, Pereira VM, et al. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2285–95.
7. Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E, de Miquel MA, Molina CA, Rovira A, et al. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2296–306.
8. Chia NH, Leyden JM, Newbury J, Jannes J, Kleinig TJ. Determining the number of ischemic strokes potentially eligible for endovascular thrombectomy: a population-based study. Stroke 2016;47:1377–80.
9. Molina CA. Futile recanalization in mechanical embolectomy trials: a call to improve selection of patients for revascularization. Stroke 2010;41:842–3.
10. O’Collins VE, Macleod MR, Donnan GA, Horky LL, van der Worp BH, Howells DW. 1,026 Experimental treatments in acute stroke. Ann Neurol 2006;59:467–77.
11. Lee JM, Zipfel GJ, Choi DW. The changing landscape of ischaemic brain injury mechanisms. Nature 1999;399(6738 Suppl):A7–77.
16. Lees KR, Zivin JA, Ashwood T, Davalos A, Davis SM, Diener HC, et al. NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2006;354:588–600.
17. Shuaib A, Lees KR, Lyden P, Grotta J, Davalos A, Davis SM, et al. NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2007;357:562–71.
18. Pundik S, Xu K, Sundararajan S. Reperfusion brain injury: focus on cellular bioenergetics. Neurology 2012;79(13 Suppl 1):S44–51.
19. Fisher M. New approaches to neuroprotective drug development. Stroke 2011;42(1 Suppl):S24–7.
20. Dirnagl U, Fisher M. REPRINT: international, multicenter randomized preclinical trials in translational stroke research: it is time to act. Stroke 2012;43:1453–4.
21. Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013;44:870–947.
22. Elkins J, Veltkamp R, Montaner J, Johnston SC, Singhal AB, Becker K, et al. Safety and efficacy of natalizumab in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (ACTION): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2017;16:217–26.
24. England TJ, Hedstrom A, O’Sullivan S, Donnelly R, Barrett DA, Sarmad S, et al. RECAST (remote ischemic conditioning after stroke trial): a pilot randomized placebo controlled phase II trial in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2017;48:1412–5.
25. ENOS Trial Investigators. Efficacy of nitric oxide, with or without continuing antihypertensive treatment, for management of high blood pressure in acute stroke (ENOS): a partial-factorial randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385:617–28.
26. Hill MD, Martin RH, Mikulis D, Wong JH, Silver FL, Terbrugge KG, et al. Safety and efficacy of NA-1 in patients with iatrogenic stroke after endovascular aneurysm repair (ENACT): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:942–50.
27. Yamaguchi T, Awano H, Matsuda H, Tanahashi N, PROTECT4.5 Investigators. Edaravone with and without .6 mg/kg alteplase within 4.5 hours after ischemic stroke: a prospective cohort study (PROTECT4.5). J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017;26:756–65.
28. Chamorro A, Amaro S, Castellanos M, Segura T, Arenillas J, Marti-Fabregas J, et al. Safety and efficacy of uric acid in patients with acute stroke (URICO-ICTUS): a randomised, double-blind phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:453–60.
31. Davalos A, Alvarez-Sabin J, Castillo J, Diez-Tejedor E, Ferro J, Martinez-Vila E, et al. Citicoline in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled study (ICTUS trial). Lancet 2012;380:349–57.
32. Llull L, Laredo C, Renu A, Perez B, Vila E, Obach V, et al. Uric acid therapy improves clinical outcome in women with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2015;46:2162–7.
33. Amaro S, Llull L, Renu A, Laredo C, Perez B, Vila E, et al. Uric acid improves glucose-driven oxidative stress in human ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2015;77:775–83.
34. Piironen K, Tiainen M, Mustanoja S, Kaukonen KM, Meretoja A, Tatlisumak T, et al. Mild hypothermia after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2014;45:486–91.
36. Hacke W, Schellinger PD, Albers GW, Bornstein NM, Dahlof BL, Fulton R, et al. Transcranial laser therapy in acute stroke treatment: results of neurothera effectiveness and safety trial 3, a phase III clinical end point device trial. Stroke 2014;45:3187–93.
38. Llovera G, Hofmann K, Roth S, Salas-Perdomo A, Ferrer-Ferrer M, Perego C, et al. Results of a preclinical randomized controlled multicenter trial (pRCT): anti-CD49d treatment for acute brain ischemia. Sci Transl Med 2015;7:299. ra121.
39. Tymianski M. Emerging mechanisms of disrupted cellular signaling in brain ischemia. Nat Neurosci 2011;14:1369–73.
40. Cook DJ, Teves L, Tymianski M. Treatment of stroke with a PSD-95 inhibitor in the gyrencephalic primate brain. Nature 2012;483:213–7.
41. Cohen JC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley TH Jr, Hobbs HH. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1264–72.
42. Stein EA, Mellis S, Yancopoulos GD, Stahl N, Logan D, Smith WB, et al. Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 on LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1108–18.
43. Robinson JG, Farnier M, Krempf M, Bergeron J, Luc G, Averna M, et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1489–99.
45. Lo EH. A new penumbra: transitioning from injury into repair after stroke. Nat Med 2008;14:497–500.
46. Bang OY. Advances in biomarker for stroke patients: from marker to regulator. Precis Future Med 2017;1:32–42.