INTRODUCTION
Both neurological examination and neuroimaging, including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are the main methods for the anatomical localization of lesions in stroke patients. Considering that the language network is found in the perisylvian region of the dominant (generally left) hemisphere, lesions localized in this area result in aphasia. Additionally, lesions in the left inferior parietal lobule can produce various disorders, including agraphia, acalculia, left-right disorientation, finger agnosia (Gerstmann syndrome), and ideomotor apraxia. In contrast, right-sided lesions (non-dominant hemisphere) can cause hemineglect of the left hemibody or extrapersonal space. Neurological examinations represent a particularly important tool for treating patients with acute ischemic stroke as, in most cases, the revascularization therapy procedure (either intravenous thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator or endovascular therapy using stentriever) is chosen with the aid of neurological examination and computed tomographic (CT) findings.
It is established that right hemispheric lesions rarely cause aphasia in patients (right- or left-handed) who have their language representation areas in the right hemisphere [1]. However, when this disorder occurs in right-handed patients, the term ‘crossed aphasia’ is used [2,3]. Besides language function disorders, atypical anatomical-functional correlations of the representation of other lateralized syndromes can occur. In this case report study, we introduce three cases of atypical representation of left hemispheric syndromes following right hemispheric lesions.
CASE REPORTS
Case 1. Transcortical mixed crossed aphasia and neglect syndrome without hemiplegia
A 66-year-old right-handed man suddenly developed aphasia. He was taking an antiplatelet agent for stable angina and other medications for treating hypertension and diabetes. He was a heavy smoker and alcoholic. Upon neurologic examination, both his strength and sensation perception were normal. In contrast, in the speech evaluation, his fluency, comprehension, and naming functions were decreased, except for repetition, suggesting transcortical mixed aphasia pattern. Left side neglect, including motor, tactile, and auditory extinction, was noted whereas an absence of abnormality was observed in apraxia tests. Brain MRI revealed acute infarcts in the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) border zone (Fig. 1A). Specifically, the perfusion-weighted MRI showed a perfusion delay associated to the lesion (Fig. 1B) whereas the magnetic resonance (MR) angiography identified both a severe narrowing and stenosis in the right internal carotid artery (Fig. 1C, D), suggesting the etiology of his stroke to be the large artery atherosclerosis. Additionally, polyvascular CT angiography revealed both a severe stenosis with soft plaques in the coronary arteries and an occlusion of the right common iliac and the right external and internal iliac arteries. Given the man’s large artery atherosclerosis, he was treated by adding antiplatelet to dual antiplatelet and high dose statin medication. A follow-up study was conducted 5 days following the syndrome onset and tests for language function and neglect syndrome showed an almost complete recovery.
Case 2. Transcortical sensory aphasia, ideomotor apraxia, and Gerstmann syndrome without neglect syndrome
A 70-year-old left-handed man developed speech disturbance and lost his ability of using his tools following a right temporoparietal infarction. He was not taking oral anticoagulants, although he was diagnosed with arrhythmia on routine checkup. His problem started with an observed difficulty in using the tools which included a scissor and knife handling, as it was noticed by his wife. The neuropsychological examinations revealed transcortical sensory aphasia (impaired speech comprehension, however, repetition and fluency of speech were intact), left-sided weakness and ideomotor apraxia of learned behavior. After recovery of his language function, he reported finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia and acalculia, indicative of the Gerstmann syndrome. Because visual and sensory involvement was identified, extinction of these two sensory abilities could not be tested. However, anosognosia, asomatognosia, and anosodiaphoria were not observed. As the brain MRI showed both multiple acute infarcts in the right posterior parietal cortex and normal brain vessels, a cardioembolic embolism was suggested (Fig. 2A, B). Functional MRI revealed the right hemispheric dominancy on language function (Fig. 2C). Both his language dysfunction and Gerstmann syndrome disappeared within a few months after the symptoms onset.
Case 3. Transcortical aphasia and ideomotor apraxia without neglect syndrome and hemiplegia
A 71-year-old right-handed man visited the emergency center due to some speech difficulties and unusual behavior. He reported that, while working as a guard, he tried to open a door with a key but he did not know how to use it and that he tried to make a call but he did not know which button to press. He also stated that he developed speech problem that same day. Fourteen years before, he experienced a right hemiplegia and speech disturbance; however, he recovered without complications. He was a current smoker but did not have vascular risk factor, such as hypertension and diabetes. During his neurological examinations, although he was alert and had a fluent speech, he could not follow verbal commands. He could not imitate gestures, such as brushing and combing. His neuropsychological examinations revealed both transcortical sensory aphasia and ideomotor apraxia. The rest of his neurological examinations, which included motor and sensory function was normal. Hemispatial neglect syndrome was not observed. Brain MRI showed acute infarct on the right frontal cortex (Fig. 3A). Specifically, the T2-weighted image revealed old infarcts on the left parietal cortex and the MR angiography identified a chronic occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (Fig. 3B, C). His language function and apraxia disappeared within a few weeks after the symptoms onset.
DISCUSSION
Although a combination of right and left hemispheric syndromes was previously reported in one ambidextrous patient with a right hemispheric hemorrhage [4], the cases here presented revealed that the combination of dominant (aphasia, ideomotor apraxia, and Gerstmann syndrome) and nondominant (hemispatial neglect) hemispheric syndromes can occur in patients with right hemispheric lesions, either when right- or left-handed. In addition, although there is evidence of aphasia in patients with a right hemisphere language dominance [1], this is unlikely to accompany the Gerstmann syndrome or the apraxia associated to the right hemisphere lesion. We report patients who developed full acute neuropsychological symptoms in the dominant hemisphere after right hemispheric infarction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of both neglect syndrome without hemiplegia (case 1) and the Gerstmann syndrome without the hemineglect syndrome (case 2).
The cases here described highlighted that the complexity of the brain functions depended on the involved brain areas (case 1), the handedness of the patients (case 2), and their brain plasticity (case 3). The possible mechanisms underlying the atypical representation of left hemispheric syndromes with right hemispheric lesions are the following. In the first case, the patient was right-handed and showed crossed aphasia, a rare form of aphasia which was estimated in a recent study to represent only 0.4% to 2.0% of all aphasia cases [2]. Cortical border zone infarction is reportedly associated with mixed transcortical aphasia and showed rapid recovery and general good prognosis [5]. Typically, the neglect syndrome is accompanied by hemiplegia due to extensive lesions of right hemisphere. A possible explanation of the observed hemineglect syndrome without hemiplegia could be the impaired connection between the white matter within the right hemisphere due to the cortical border zone infarcts, without involving the corticospinal tract. The second case described a left-handed man, with a right hemispheric dominancy of his language function (as seen through a functional MRI), suggesting the possibility in humans of a bihemispheric representation of the left hemispheric functions (both language function and Gerstmann syndrome) in left handers. A functional MRI study showed differential functional activity patterns and an effective connectivity among brain regions between right- and left-handed patients [6]. Specifically, a better bihemispheric coordination and an increased interhemispheric communication was seen in left-handed patients [6]. Lastly, neuroplasticity may represent a possible explanation of the atypical representation of cortical function observed in our third case. In fact, as the brain has the capacity to generate new neurons (neurogenesis), and rewire its connections (neuroplasticity), the surviving cortical regions are able to assume the same functions as the ones present in the stroke-damaged areas. Ago et al. [7] identified a patient who developed a small infarct in the left hemisphere which resulted in left hemiplegia. In addition, this patients had a history of right putaminal hemorrhage and a functional MRI study showed cortical reorganization of his left motor function on the ipsilateral left hemisphere. Similarly, our case 3 had a history of both large left hemispheric infarct and left MCA occlusion, therefore cortical reorganization of his left hemispheric function into his right hemisphere may have happened. In fact, previous infarct and a long-term hemodynamic impairment of the left hemisphere could have induced cerebral reorganization prior to the stroke onset [8].
The clinical implications that may result from the cases described in this report are as followings. To start, neurological examinations may denote some limitations in the assessment of patients with acute ischemic stroke, especially in those with right hemispheric lesions. In these instances, a more careful evaluation, which may include reporting both the patients’ history of previous strokes and handedness, may be beneficial. In addition, although initial stroke severity usually correlates to long-term functional outcome, such a correlation may not be observed in patients with right hemispheric lesions and atypical representation. Some common features of our patients were transcortical-type aphasia and rapidly improving hemispheric syndromes, suggesting a favorable outcomes even without revascularization therapy. Further studies on the use of functional neuroimaging, including functional MRI and diffusion tensor image, are needed to investigate the precise mechanisms of atypical clinical presentation of right hemispheric infarcts.
PDF Links
PubReader
ePub Link
XML Download
Full text via DOI
Download Citation
Print
